In this study, survey the effect of excitation current on refractory period of action potential have been explored. The simulation has been performed by using matlab software. At first, by using Hodgkin Huxley equations, action potential waveform is obtained. Then by changing the amount of excitation current and simulation action potential waveform in new conditions, we see that the more excitation current increases, the refractory period of action potential decrease and vice versa when reduce the amount of excitation current, refractory period increase

The power generated using fossil fuels, emits carbon dioxide and other pollution every second. More importantly, fossil fuel will eventually run out. In order to make the development of our civilization sustainable and cause less harm to our environment, people are looking for new source of substitute clean energy. Because of the increasing demands in clean energy, the solar energy industry is one of the fastest growing forces in the market and there are several major directions for solar technology development. Solar Parabolic Dish is currently used for the Water heating and cooking applications. Generally Solar Parabolic Dishes are fixed focus point concentrators

Advances in sensors, wireless networks, and portable devices offer unique chances to deliver medical services and information at anytime anywhere. The concept of Wireless Body Sensor Network (WBSN) has been proposed to improve chronic disease management, patient care and support lifelong health and wellbeing for the ageing population. The increasing feasibility and facility of mobile healthcare has already introduced several significant challenges for patients, policy makers, hospitals, and healthcare providers. A major challenge is to provide continuous healthcare services to those patients who require it via wearable wireless medical devices. Also, many patients have privacy concerns when it comes to releasing their personal information over open wireless channels. As a result, the most important and challenging issues are how to secure the personal information of patients and how to eliminate their privacy concerns. In this paper, we present secure m-Healthcare system to impede the attacks faced by wireless communications in healthcare systems and improve the security of mobile healthcare.

Visible light communication often known as VLC is a recently developed technology, for low cost and highly efficient data transmission using visible light. VLC is a engineering in which a mere light bulb can send data using the same light signal. In this report we discuss about line of sight (LOS) visible communication system design. They include a transmitter, a channel and a receiver front-end. The transmitter contains an array of white LEDs and the receiver contains a photodiode in order to have the data transmitted through light. We discuss about the design of source and receivers in this paper.

The exponential growth of computing performance was also combined with the increasing availability of large scale computing resources, for the benefit of the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) research and most commercial software providers are up-scaling the software potential to serve the user base. In this article some available commercial software’s for CFD research are introduced and the importance of the necessary steps of verification and validation are emphasized.

Personalized web search retrieval is the most concerned application in the search engine based contentretrieval scenarios where the users are required to get their most wanted results as per their requirements.Tracking user’s preferences and retrieving contents based on their preference needs is the complex scenario.The main objective of this work is to retrieve the contents from the web servers based on the individual user preferences by constructing their personalized profile in the anonymized manner. The profile is represented by using the ontological concept where the different meaning of sentences can be extracted. Ontology based user profile construction is integrated with the existing concepts called the privacy profile construction in the existing work. This proposed research methodology attempts to construct the triplets of the user query, so that the exact meaning of their requirement can be identified easily. With the help of triplets, the original meanings of the sentences are identified and based on which profile is reconstructed and represented in the ontological format. This method will gather the user privacy requirements from them which would be anonymized in the future. The experimental tests conducted in java simulation environment which is integrated with the online server for retrieving the user preferred web sites. The experimental tests were conducted to prove the improvement over the proposed methodology in terms of performance measures called the precision and recall to identify which methodology can retrieve the contents in the more efficient manner. The comparison were plotted in the graphical representation and the finally concluded that the proposed methodology provides better result than the existing research works. Findings of these work demonstrates that the proposed methodology provides better result than the previous research works in terms improved accurate retrieval of contents.

Impinging jets have received considerable attention during the last decade. The reason is mainly due to their inherent characteristics of high rates of heat transfer besides having simple geometry. Thus most practical applications of jet impingement occur in industries where the heat transfer requirements have exceeded capacity of ordinary heating and cooling techniques. In this paper heat transfer and fluid flow due to the impingement of vertical circular single jet on a horizontal heated surface is investigated experimentally. The flow is turbulent and a uniform temperature is applied on the target surface. Different particle volume fractions, jet flow rates, jet nozzle diameters, Reynolds number and various geometric ratios have been considered in order to study the behavior of the system in terms of local Nusselt number and convective heat transfer coefficient. The experimental results indicate that using nanofluid as a heat transfer carrier can enhance the heat transfer process. It is found that the local heat transfer coefficient express Nusselt number as a function of nozzle exit Reynolds number and also nozzle to plate spacing and of the radial displacement from the stagnation point.

The objective of this work is to study the performance of an air conditioning system with and without a nanorefrigerant. R134a is most widely adopted alternate refrigerant in refrigeration equipment, such as domestic refrigerators and air conditioners. This refrigerant heat transfer capacity is not so good and increase power consumption. Due to these limitation nanofluids are enhanced with the normal lubricant and increases the heat transfer capacity and reduces the power consumption. The experimental studies indicate that the air conditioning system with nanorefrigerant works normally. It is found that the coefficient of performance is increased by 14% and the power consumption reduces nearly by 20% when POE oil is replaced by a mixture of POE oil and Al2O3 nanoparticles.

Image fusion is important technique used in Remote Sensing application. It plays a very important role in Satellite based communication. Here, introduces a new technique fusion followed by filtering for remove impulse noise in remote sensing images. The Non-Linear filtering algorithms, Vector Median Filter (VMF), Rank Conditioned VMF, Rank Conditioned and Threshold VMF, Center Weighted VMF and Absolute Deviation VMF are introduced. These filtered images are combined to single image called image fusion. The performance evaluation for filtered and fused image with respect to original image by calculating the Mean Square Error (MSE), Peak Signal To Noise Ratio (PSNR) and Structural Similarity Index (SSIM).

Global pollution and radiations due to greenhouse gases are of serious concern in densely populated urban areas. Electric vehicles are considered one of the pillars of eco-friendly solutions since they produce no exhaust gases. Therefore this paper carries out the study and the improvement in overall performance of an electric vehicle propulsion system, which consists of electric energy supply and traction systems. The supply system constitutes the fuel-cell stack and the DC-DC buck converter, while the traction system constitutes the Brushless Direct Current (BLDC) motor, its voltage source inverter and drive system.

Diabetic Macular Edema (DME) is a common retinal complication associated with diabetes. It is a major cause of permanent vision loss. Therefore early detection will be highly beneficial in controlling the progress of the disease. Since the ratio of people affected with the disease is very high when compared to the number of eye specialist, there is a need for automated diagnostic system for DME, so that only diseased persons can be referred to the specialist for further intervention and treatment. In order to assess DME, Detection of Hard Exudates is now considered as a standard method. In this paper the Hard Exudates are segmented using Fuzzy Clustering algorithm. Local Binary Pattern features are extracted from the segmented regions and are input to the Support Vector Machine (SVM)Classifer. The SVM classifier classifies the image as Normal and Abnormal.

Automotive engineers are continuously researching new technology in the field of engine, transmission and suspension to improve fuel efficiency, power output and safety of automotive vehicles. Continuously Variable transmission (CVT) is one of the important steps towards it. CVT is an infinite gear system as it provides infinite gear ratio and it also helps in decreasing power loss. It helps in providing jerk free transmission, which can be observed in manual as well as in automatic gear transmission. There are different types of CVT available and one of the types is Pulley driven CVT. Primary aim of this project is to study various parameters like fly mass, drive pulley spring, driven pulley spring, cam angles and their effect on engagement rpm of CVT and also design manually operated model of CVT. As it is difficult to get the actual design specifications of CVT from the companies, some of the dimensions are assumed. The dimensions of other parts have been calculated based on the assumed dimensions. Experimentation is done on a Baja SAE vehicle which shows the effects of changing different parameters on engaging rpm of driven shaft. A static analysis as well as motion analysis is done on the CVT model.

In this paper designing of three cylinder pneumatic engine is done on Solidworks and also static analysis is done on it. The design used for pneumatic cylinders is highly efficient and can be used for vehicle propulsion and lifting light weights. The main advantage of air radial engine is that no pollution is produced and as no combustion takes place, so no hydrocarbon is produced. We have done the assembly and made the parts of the engine in solidworks software. Also the stress, strain andother analysis is done. The material used for parts is suggested such that our design is more efficientand cheap. The selection of different material helps us to get an engine with high strength.

Expansive soils possess undesirable engineering behaviour such as low bearing capacity, high shrinkage and swelling characteristics. It forms poor subgrade material due to low CBR values and hence excessive pavement thickness is required for designing flexible pavement. Ground improvement techniques such as soil stabilization are employed to improve the bearing capacity and to control volume change in expansive soils. The most commonly used method is addition of stabilizing agents such as lime or cement to the expansive soil. In developing countries like India, industrialization has led to the generation of large amount of fly ash,which poses a great challenge for its safe disposal without affecting the environment. In addition, the increasing cost of traditional stabilizing agents and the need for the economical utilization of industrial waste has paved way for an investigation into the stabilizing potential of fly ash in expansive soil. Hence, the present study focuses on the assessing the suitability of stabilized expansive soil with cement and fly ash for subgrade in flexible pavement. Cement was added to expansive soil at 0-4%. The percentage of fly ash,which is used in the present study, is varied from 0-8%. Test specimens were subjected to Atterberg limits,Differential free swell, Standard Proctor Compaction and CBR tests. This research helps to assess the behaviour of expansive soil mixed with cement and fly ash independently. Based upon the favourable results obtained, it can be concluded that the expansive soil can be successfully stabilized with cement or fly ash

The purpose of this project is to explore relationship between volume fraction of nano particles of aluminium and heat transfer rate in a water based nano fluid. Experimental investigation setup will be fabricated. It will resemble a heat exchanger and consists of hot water pump, G.I tubes, flow control valve and temperature measuring devices. Experimental investigation is done. The values are noted down in tables and the changes are noted in this phase. The patterns are noted down and conclusions are derived. In this phase the properties of heat transfer fluid is found including heat transfer and specificheat capacity.

Inexact (Approximate) computing is an attractive paradigm for digital processing. Inexact computing is particularly interesting for computer arithmetic designs. This project deals with the analysis and design of two new approximate 4-2 compressors for utilization in a multiplier. These designs rely on different features of compression, such that imprecision in computation can make up for circuit-based figures of merit of a design. Two different schemes for utilizing the proposed approximate compressors are proposed and analysed for a Dadda multiplier. Extensive simulation results are provided and hardware implementation of the Dadda multiplier using approximate compression is carried out with the help of a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA).

When we take an image from satellite of different areas present on earth, Cloud covers which are generally present in optical remote sensing images, limit the usage of acquired images and increase the difficulty in data analysis. Thus, information reconstruction of cloud-contaminated images generally plays an important role in image analysis. This paper proposes a novel method to reconstruct cloud-contaminated information in multitemporal remote sensing images. Based on the concept of utilizing temporal correlation of multitemporal images, we propose a patch-based information reconstruction algorithm that spatiotemporally segments a sequence of images into clusters containing several spatially connected components called patches and then clones information from cloud-free and high-similarity patches to their corresponding cloud-contaminated patches. At last we used fuzzy logic method to remove clouds from satellite image

Austenitic stainless steel is widely used materials in the current industrial area including higher and lower temperature applications such as storage tanks, pressure cups, furnace equipment’s etc. Using ratio of those materials is increasing constantly due to having superior corrosion resistance and mechanical properties, GTAW&GMAW process are widely used for stainless steel welding,especially for full penetration welds in thin gage materials. Selection of shielding gas and filler material is crucial parameter for the quality, the microstructure and properties of weldments.The weldments properties strongly depended on the shielding gas, since it dominates the mode of metal transfer.Shielding gas not only affects the properties of weld but also determines weld ability, the appearance, the shape and penetration of bead as well. Pure argon is mainly used for GTAW as shielding gas at present. The most common shielding gases are argon riches mixtures, such as argon with a few percent helium, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen for GTAW&GMAW process. In this project the austenitic stainless steel (316L) is welded by GTAW process and its mechanical property werestudiedand the process welding parameters like CURRENT,VOLTAGE AND GAS FLOW RATE of TIG forgetting maximum weldments, best mechanical properties and min HAZ. The analysis of the test results is conducted and the combination of welding parameter ranges that gives best result is found. This combination can be considered as good working ranges for TIG welding of SS316L material and conduct the study of temperature distribution and total heat flux of welding area using ANSYS.

Internal combustion engines, being the major power source in the transportation sector as well as in individual transport, play an important role in the man-made emissions. While the mobility in the world is growing, it is important to reduce the emissions that result from transportation. So the consumption of diesel and petroleum has been up surged. The diesel engine provides a high efficiency and hence it can help to reduce CO2 emissions, which are believed to be the main cause of global warming. Diesel exhaust also contains toxic gases,mainly nitrogen oxides (NOX) and soot particles. These emissions are therefore limited by the authorities in most countries.A way to reduce the nitrogen oxide emissions of a diesel engine is the use of exhaust gas recirculation,EGR. Here, a part of the exhaust gases is rerouted into the combustion chamber. This leads to a lower peak combustion temperature which in turn reduces the formation of NOX. In modern turbocharged engines it can be problematic to provide the amount of EGR that is needed to reach the emission limits.Other concerns can be the transient response of both the EGR-system and the engine.The objective of this work is to study the effect of EGR on the performance and emission characteristicsof the CI engine. A single cylinder, water cooled, variable speed direct injection diesel engine was usedfor this experiment. The content of HC, NOx, CO and smoke in the exhaust gas were measured to estimatethe emissions. Application of EGR resulted in the increase in the performance of the engine and reductions in NOx emissions without any significant upsurge in smoke emissions. The graphs were plottedcomparing the emissions from diesel with 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% EGR.

As Mobile Ad-hoc network is infrastructure less network in which every node can take part in data transmission and reception process. Various kinds of attacks have been arises in the network during transmission, which affects on the performance of the network. Wormhole attack is one attack from them which is created by collaborative attackers. Different techniques have developed to detect & prevent wormhole. But perfect solution is yet to be covered. Delay per Hop Indication (DelPHI) is a technique for wormhole detection in which authentication is essential in order to provide prevention. This is an effectiveapproach to detect the fake route and also adopt preventive measure against wormhole nodes so that it will not appear in the route discovery phase. The focus of this paper is to provide a better solution in terms of wormhole detection of wormhole and to take some preventive measurement against the wormhole byconsidering the pros and cons

Reinforced concrete is one of the most versatile construction materials used for the construction of several strategic structures like long-span highway bridges, pavements, off-shore structures,multi-storied framed structures and many other mega- industrial structures. Some engineers still believe that once the reinforced concrete structures are designed and built, it will remain durable and maintenance free and they can fulfill the intended purpose and function for the whole of its designed life.This is not true. The microstructural properties and permeability of concrete to various aggressive ions are responsible for corrosion of embedded steel in concrete. This paper presents in brief, the mechanism of steel corrosion in concrete and the state of the art of anticorrosive steel rebar coatings used so far to protect the steel embedded in concrete againstcorrosion.

Web usage mining(WUM) , also known as Web Log Mining is the application of Data Mining techniques,which are applied on large volume of data to extract useful and interesting patterns from Web data, specifically from web logs, in order to improve web based applications. Data source of web usage mining is web log files ,each entry of which contain the public information of visitor like IP address, remote user, date, time , zone, method, URL, status code, number of bytes transferred, operating system used etc.There are variety of tools available for analyzing a log file and generating the reports. In order to reveal the best tools for analyzing a log file that helps in decision making, this paper has conducted a comparative study between Statcounter and Deep log Analyzer , freely available tools. This paper also presents the results of one of these tools called Stat counter for analyzing the behavioural pattern of user who access a website which sells guitar.

The main objective of this paper is to introduce a new approach to stabilize image sequence. A logical and computationally efficient technique for video stabilization and enhancement has been presented. The recent significant advance in video stabilization is to create a new video sequence where the motion between frames has effectively been removed. Motion in video images is caused either by the object motion or by the camera movement. The newly developed algorithm presented in this work provides a fast and robust stabilization system, and improves real-time performance

Ground water and Surface water samples were collected from Mayiladuthurai Municipal Solid Waste open dump site and its adjacent area to study the possible impact of migrated leachate on ground water and on the near by surface water bodies. Ground water samples were collected from fifteen bore holes that exist in the periphery of the unprotected landfill. The samples of water were also collected from four surface water bodies located near to the open dump site. The concentration of various physico-chemical parameters, pH, Electrical conductivity (EC),Total solids (TS), Total Dissolved solids (TDS), Hardness, Turbidity, Chlorides, Dissolved oxygen, Acidity,Sulphate, biological parameter Biochemical Oxygen demand (BOD) and Chemical Oxygen demand (COD) were determined in all the samples. A moderately higher concentration of EC, TS, TDS, Chlorides, BOD, COD and other pollutants indicate that the ground water is affected significantly by the migration of leachate. Thecorrelation matrix indicates the likely significant positive and negative correlation between various pollutant parameters. A comparative analysis of results with other related studies re

This paper sets out to survey and expound the essence and Technical value of Education. It appreciates the uniqueness as well as the air of life education offers humanity at different times and places. The method of clearing the imports of education naturally deserves a measure of investigation and a studypresented in this work to delineate the efficacies of the delivery methods and contents. Education is superimposed on other forces of life. The development of this truth is dependent on schools of arguments and structured proofs. Essence and values change as they affect varying levels of education. Of relevance in this paper are the mode of these changes and the attendant revaluation and adaptations to sustain the educational tide. Times come when even the government slack to get marooned in a wide spread work-torule section that last for so long. The incessant nature of such incidences makes for the germination of giant and mushroom private schools which tend to compete with public schools in the delivery of education where they survive the prevailing hash working condition on the teaching staff with its devastating effect on the quality of education.

The objective of this project is to design a micro gas turbine and too make a static analysis on its turbine and compressor and to find out the results of maximum stress and total deformation in the turbine and the compressor. This project does not include a CFD analysis on the turbine and compressor which is necessary to optimise the design. Only a mean line design process is discussed in this project

CO2 moulding process due to its ability to produce harder moulds is widely used for casting variety of metals and especially high density alloys like steels, but due to the inherent drawback of CO2 sand moulds i.e., poor collapsibility, the subject of reclamation of CO2 moulding sand has gained enormous importance. It is required to maintain stringent control over the process parameters of the CO2 sand moulds made of reclaimed CO2 sands, to yield the best possible quality moulds. There is a need to build up an intelligent system that can predict the properties of the mould with a practically reasonable accuracy. In the present investigation it is attempted to model process parameters of CO2 moulding process using reclaimed CO2 sand. Input parameters considered are % of sodium silicate, gassing time ,mixing time,% of coal dust and output parameters are mould hardness, permeability ,Compression strength, Collapsibility and tensile strength. Configurations of the developed ANN Models for CO2 mould made of Reclaimed CO2 sand is 4-48-38-5 with a learning rate of

The world energy demand has increased radically in few decades. The price of conventional fossil fuel is rising rapidly and also increase of carbon dioxide (Co2) level in the atmosphere leads acid rain,global warming and health hazards. Diesel is fossil fuel that is getting exhausted at a fast rate. The fossil fuels are non-renewable energy. Hence alternative fuels are necessary and a need of an hour. Biodiesel has better performance than petroleum diesel, because, it is a clean burning fuel that does not contribute to the increase of carbon dioxide, being environmentally friendly. Castor oil is cultivated in India at huge amount,has a high potential to become an alternative fuel to replace diesel fuel. To reduce the amount of free fatty acid below 1 %( as more than 1% leads to soap formation, thereby affecting the transesterification process, hence the biodiesel production is done in two steps... The first step of acid catalyzed esterification process to reduces the free fatty acid content of castor oil to below1%.The next base catalyzed transesterification process converts the preheated oil to castor biodiesel. This two-step process gave an average yield of 90%.The castor biodiesel is blended with diesel on volume basis in different proportions. The blend proportions are used in 15:85(B15), 35:65(B35), and 45:55 (B45). These blended oils are used to run a single cylinder four stroke Compression ignition engine, to study and compare the different performance and emission characteristics at different load conditions with different shapes of pistons.

Friction stir welding (FSW) is a relatively new solid-state joining process. This joining technique is energy efficient, environment friendly, and versatile. The principal advantages are low distortion, absence of melt related defects and high joint strength. In FSW parameters play an important role like tool design and material, tool rotational speed, welding speed and axial force. The paper focuses on process parameters that in required for producing effective friction stir welding joint.

An electroencephalogram (EEG) is a test to measure the electrical activity of the brain. Evoked potential (EP) tests measure the electrical activity of the brain in response to stimulation of specific sensory nerve pathways.P300 component of evoked potentials are observed to find out the subject ability in perception of gap for given auditory stimulus. EEG was recorded by presenting an auditory stimulus to the subject. Oddball paradigm of auditory stimulus was used. Auditory stimulus is Gaussian noise embedded with silent interval nothing but ‘gap’. A positive response by the subject with respect to the presence of gap was noted down. Simple segmenting and averaging techniques using Matlab were used to obtain P300 wave. And also various parameters like curve fitting, correlation factor, p test were determined which accounted for comparing perceived and non-perceived averaged waveforms. We could observe that the P300 component was obtained in the range of 250ms to 500ms. P300 of perceived wave was more prominent compared to non-perceived.

This study is aimed at investigating the effect of strong alkalines in water on compressive strength of admixture cements. The admixture cement cubes were cast with deionised water and deionised water containing the strong alkalines of Na2CO3 and NaHCO3. In the present study, the effect of strong alkalines such as Carbonates and Bicarbonates of Sodium on setting time and strength development is assessed under the laboratory condition. The results shows Na2CO3 in deionised water accelerate the initial and final setting times where as the other substance NaHCO3 retards the initial and final setting times in all the concentrations. Both Na2CO3 and NaHCO3 in deionised water increase the strength at early age (3-day and 7-day) and decrease significantly at 28-day, 60-day and 90-day. In the present work analysis, the hydration characteristics of the admixture cements using the techniques of X-ray Diffraction analysis and useful conclusions are obtained regarding the influence of strong acids.

This paper proposes an improved hybrid distribution static compensator (DSTATCOM) topology to compensate reactive and non linear loads with reduced VSI rating, DC link voltage and filter size. An LCL filter with small value of inductor compared to traditional L filter has been used at the front end of a voltage source inverter (VSI), which provides the elimination of switching harmonics. Voltage of the DSTATCOM can be reduced with capacitor to be connected in series with an LCL filter. Consequently the power rating of the voltage source inverter has been decreased. With reduced dc-link voltage, the voltage across the shunt capacitor of the LCL filter will be also less. It will reduce the power losses in the damping resistor as compared with the traditional LCL filter with passive damping. Therefore, the proposed DSTATCOM topology will have reduced weight, cost, rating, and size with improved efficiency and current compensation capability compared with the traditional topology. A systematic procedure to design the components of the passive filter has been presented. The effectiveness of the proposed DSTATCOM topology over traditional topologies is validated through simulation.

The paper describes implementation of mobile robots programming process with Robot Operating System (ROS). ROS provides different tools for data analysis, facilities of multiple robots and their sensors, teleoperation devices interaction thereby targeting engineering education. An example with the multiagent interaction between agent-evader and agent-pursuer were taken as the basic navigational task. The computed behavior of the virtual agents were successfully transferred to the quadcopters, Lego Mindstorms NXT based and Robotino robots. Diverse experimental tests were conducted using the algorithms on virtual agents and robotic platforms.

Wireless Sensor Network is a gathering of specific transducers generally termed as sensor for observing and recording the happening at unreachable places. The functioning of these sensors nodes mainly depends upon battery capacity and life. The major difficulty in WSNs is to replace or recharge the discharge battery. The efficiency of WSNS can be enhanced using the different routing protocols by reducing the battery usage and increasing the data transmission rate. In the present paper, the comparative analysis among LEACH, HLEACH and IB-LEACH Protocols has been carried out in terms of transmission of data. The simulated results have been carried out with MATLAB.

This paper presents a Selective Harmonic Elimination-PWM technology (SHE-PWM) for transformer less static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) system employing Hybrid multilevel inverter configuration. In this method variable DC voltage is used and the lower order harmonics are eliminated, without affecting the structure of the inverter. This method gives constant switching angle, so it reduces the number of steps required for offline calculation. The proposed method optimizes the DC-DC converter topology for high efficiency with high voltage capacity. In this paper a Buck converter is used. Current and voltage closed loop controllers are used to meet reactive power demand under varying load condition. The mat lab simulink shows the output result.

Urban Solid Food Wastes (USFW) generated from large establishments like hotels, shopping malls,apartments and restaurants, goes directly to landfills causing undue hardships for source separation and safe disposal. This has necessitated the authorities to go for onsite treatment of source generated organic fraction of wastes for safe disposal, instead of conventional methods of composting. Aerobic In-vessel composting which has been well articulated in literature studies is carried out in the aim of providing improvements in an indigenously developed laboratory scale rotary drum for rapid composting of municipal organic solid wastes. Three sets of trials were conducted to study the effects of insulation (Mix P1, Q1 and R1), impact of agitation for different speeds of rotation of the drum at 3 rpm, 1 rpm, and 0.5 rpm (Mix P2, Q2 and R3) and for different inclination of axis of the drum with respect to horizontal at 0°, 4°and 2° (Mix P3, Q3, and R3). Out of the three sets of trials carried out with Urban Solid Food Wastes (USFW) along with bulking agent of rice husk and cow dung, the best was identified by its maximum temperature and maximum C/N reduction at optimum insulation when the speed of rotation of drum was 0.5 rpm and inclination of axis of drum at 2° .

Digital communication offers so many advantages over analog communication, that today majority of communication systems are digital only. In that DS-CDMA system is well known wireless technology. DSCDMA system suffers from Multiple Access Interference (MAI) caused by the users. Multi-User Detection schemes were introduced to detect the users data in presence of MAI. M-sequences, gold sequences etc., has been traditionally used as spreading codes in DS-CDMA. This paper introduces a new type of sequences called chaotic sequences for DS-CDMA system. Simulation results gives the performance of three detectors known as conventional detector, Decorrelating detector and MMSE (Minimum Mean Square Error) detector with chaotic sequence as spreading sequence. Comparison shows that chaotic sequence is better than the gold sequence, and also MMSE gives the better performance than the decorrelator.analysis is to becarried out.

This paper deals with building an application model of an automated fire protection system in an indoor environment. This model is a highly localized and targeted Fire Extinguishing system. The system consists of an arm which ends with the turret mounted with dispenser. An Infra-Red camera is used to detect the fire using the rays received and the processor inside the camera converts them into an image using various colours for different temperatures. The acquired image is then processed and the sources of heat are isolated.The position of the source of fire is mapped from the camera coordinates to the real world coordinates using a microcontroller and the turret is aimed at the fire by a targeting control system which triggers the servomotor used to move the turret. When the turret is targeted towards the center of the fire source, water is released using the sprinkler controlled by a solenoid valve. Thus the sources of fire in the field of view of the camera are suppressed.

The aim of this paper is to present the reliability analysis of a two unit complex system with the assumption that unit A is a combination of hardware and software components and other unit B (which has two sub-unit) stops working due to external cause. The unit A is replaced by new one if the repair is not completed within maximum repair time. Unit B is not reparable and is to be replaced by a new one upon its failure. The failure time distributions of the units are taken as exponential whereas the repair and replacement time distributions are general. Using regenerative point technique, important measures of the system effectiveness are obtained. The graphical behaviours of MTSF and Profit function have also been studied.

The increasing demand on mobile service providers to support high rate applications has prompted the development of 4G networks. LTE Advanced is one of the promising technologies to meet the rising demand.This paper studies performance of LTE Advanced Network through relay deployment to enhance cell edge coverage and using of decode and forward (DF) protocol by evaluating of many scenarios using Matlab program, and WINNER-II which is used to investigate different channel model or propagation environments.Results have shown that cooperative relay number has significant effect in enhancing network performance.And by using couple of modulation types QPSK, 16QAM and 64QAM for relay link and access link, 64QAM has higher BER even by increasing SNR.

Library robot is an assistant system used to assist the user who wants to search, locate and collect the required book in the library. The request of the user is processed in the computer based system to have the robot informed about the particular shelf or location. Using this information, the robot has its movement towards the informed location and performs barcode scanning across the shelf to find the requested book. The robot with its sliding arm can scan the books in a particular shelf and barcode matching is done in the control based system. The robot exerts force on the book which is found to be matched by the scanning system and collects the book in the tray. This robot based assistant system is reliable to be incorporated in the library and assists the user to collect the required book. The system with its integrated automatic object recognition and force feedback make the robot to deliver the book as soon as possible by minimizing the search time of the user.

In this study , the performance analysis of Micro wind Turbine (MWT) in automobile will be discussed. The analytical work is going to be carried out using ANSYS software. Experimentation consist an input parameters as wind speed(m/s), open circuit voltage(Voc), current(A), voltage(V) and rotor frequency(Hz) for the responses such as kinetic energy, mass flow of air, wind power, power coefficient,rotor rotational speed, mechanical angular speed and Tip speed ratio (TSR) are considered. This proposed research work is aimed to decrease the fuel consumption and to improve the utilization of the renewable energy. In this study , design ,implementation, and power performance analyses of a micro wind turbine (MWT) system are presented. An original permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) that reduced cogging torque was utilized for the MWT blades. power performance analyses of the MWT were carried out for different wind ranges. Moreover, it is used in vehicle interior like Head lamp, AC, Top light on body of vehicle.

In today’s world, concrete is most popular and widely used material in construction sector due to its good compressive strength and durability. Depending upon its usability the mix proportion (cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate and water) are prepared to produce plain concrete. Plain concrete needs ambient atmosphere for curing for a minimum period of 28 days in order to attain desired strength. Any laxity in curing will badly affect the strength and durability of concrete. Self curing concrete is one of the special concretes in mitigating insufficient curing due to human negligence, paucity of water in arid areas, inaccessibility of structures in difficult terrains and in areas where the presence of fluorides in water will badly affect the characteristics of concrete. The present study involves the use of shrinkage reducing admixtures like POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL (PEG 400) as internal curing compound and CUREFREE-C as external curing compound. These curing compounds are used in concrete which helps in self curing and helps in better hydration and hence good compressive strength. They trap the moisture within the structure and prevent it from evaporation (by creating a thin film or by block the pores containing water) which normally occurs due to the hydration process .In the present study, the affect of curing compounds on compressive strength and flexural strength is studied. From the previous studies by various researchers, we vary the percentage of PEG by weight of cement from 0% to 2% as the dosage of internal curing compound and 0.25% of CUREFREE-C by weight of cement was fixed as the dosage of external curing compound The test results were studied both for M25 and M30 mixes .The results shows that PEG 400 and CUREFREE-C could help in self curing by giving strength on par with that of the conventional curing method.

The paper deals with reliability analysis of a system composed of three non-identical units G, P and C.Initially unit G is in operating state while as unit P and C are in idle state. System failure occurs if either unit G fails when unit P and C are in idle state or G and P fails when C is in idle state or when all the units’ viz. G, P and C fails totally. Single repair facility is available to repair the failed unit in which unitG gets priority for repair over P and C and then if unit P and C fails, second priority is given to unit P over C and finally unit C is repaired by repairman till the system becomes operative. Once the repairman starts repair of the failed unit, he does not leave the system till all units are repaired during his stay in the system as per priority. The failure time distributions of unit-G, P and C are taken exponential. The distribution of time to repair of unit-G, P and C is assumed to be general. After repair a unit becomes as good as new.

This research application suggests elevating a search query log evaluation by enchanting into account the conceptual attributes of query provisions. We first illustrate a strategy for removing a conceptual description of a search query log after which reveal how we will utilize it to comparatively extract outcomes without ambiguity. The notion relation is consisting of set provisions consistent collectively concept relations as well as of a function to determine the concept spacing between provisions, which even more called as TF (termfrequency). We then drain TF with feedback sessions, which we construct upon click using logs. Furthermore,a query terminology clustering algorithm is used on the log description to extract user pursuits.

In this paper we introduce con-k-normal polynomial and con- k-unitary polynomial matrices and study some of its properties.

The aim of this project is to get a fully functional device working all modern vehicles and make information available to drivers or mechanics in an touch screen device which will provide more insight into what is occurring in the car in real time. Implementing some additional sensors using CAN protocol will help in monitoring the vehicle for engine misfires, tyre pressures, temperature of engine etc. The data logged into ECU can also be accessed using the OBD-II protocol.

In this paper we introduced the concept of fuzzy k-normal and fuzzy k-normal polynomial matrices and study some of its properties.

Industrialization is the key to development where energy is the driving force. Fossil fuel is not an unending source of energy and hereby can be supported from renewable energy. This paper addresses an experimental study of a new dimension of energy that can be a good support of fossil energy as well as meet the environmental concern. All sorts of municipal plastic waste except PET have been successfully converted into fuel and hereby prevent their unhygienic exposure in environment that might lead emission of carbon-monoxide by burning as well as degrading soil fertility. The majority of plastics are derived from ethylene, propylene, butadiene and benzene. With the presence of Al2O3 and ZnO catalyst, the plastic wastes are heated up to 350°C temperature into a reactor and the gaseous stream were condensed and collected in receiving chamber. Performance and property tests are conducted of the derived fuel. The produced fuel contains long carbon chain lengths C3-C27 determine by GC. ASTM test result showed low sulfur contents resulting high performance and environmentally friendly at the same time. The experiment has been met the highest standards of safety, quality,reliability and environmental sustainability in converting hydrocarbon fuel of this locality.

In this paper a new modified explicit-pulsed clock gated sense-amplifier flip-flop (MCG-SAFF) is proposed for low power and high performance applications. By embedding dual-edge triggering mechanism and conditional pre-charging in the new symmetric latch, the MCG-SAFF is capable to achieve low power dissipation and delay. The simulations are carried out in mentor graphics tools of 130nm technology. From this it is evident that with the proposed design there is 22.1% reduction in power dissipation and 76.5% in delay. When the switching activity is less than 0.5, the proposed MCGSAFF shown its superiority in terms of power reduction. During zero input switching activity, MCGSAFF can realize upto 86% in power saving.

With the development of the internet, processing and storage technologies, computing resources have become cheaper, more powerful and available 24X7 everywhere. Cloud computing has now established itself as a preferred paradigm for hosting and delivering services over the internet. It allows consumers to start from the small and increase resources when there is a rise in service demand, eliminating the requirement to plan ahead for provisioning. One of the key challenges of cloud computing is the need for an automated and an integrated rational approach for dynamic provisioning of resources. This will allow the cloud to offerservices that are reliable, cost-efficient and secure. In this context, autonomic computing promises to be a new concept for increasing reliability, autonomy and performance by enabling systems to adapt to changing circumstances. The aim of this paper is to provide a better understanding of the type of system architecture required to support above told objectives in cloud computing.

An automated irrigation system was developed to optimize water use for agricultural crops. The system has a distributed wireless network of soil-moisture and temperature sensors placed in the root zone of the plants. A gateway unit handles sensor information, triggers actuators, and transmits data to a web application. An algorithm was developed with threshold values of temperature and soil moisture that was programmed into a microcontroller-based gateway to control water quantity. The system was powered by photovoltaic panels and had a duplex communication link based on a cellular-Internet interface that allowed for data inspection and irrigation scheduling to be programmed through a web page. The automated system will have water savings of up to 90% compared with traditional irrigation practices. Because of its energy autonomy and low cost, the system has the potential to be useful in water limited geographically isolated areas.

DC-DC converters are switched power converters. They are used to convert one DC voltage to another. Boost converters are inordinately used in industry as well as in research. The model of the converter system varies from ON state to OFF state. The major drawback is the unlimited supply of voltage and current. Hence a MPC is implemented to produce a constant voltage with varying input supply. The performance of MPC is further improved using NARMA-L2 control as shown in the simulation results in MATLAB

The successful operation of Wireless Sensor Network fully depends on the limited battery power of their nodes. Since large number of nodes are deployed in a small area thus leading to spatial correlation among data causing data redundancy. The transmission of redundant data causes unnecessary consumption of limited energy thus reducing the lifetime of the network. In order to enhance the lifetime of the network, a clusteringalgorithm named as ‘Correlated LEACH’ has been proposed in this paper by exploiting the correlation between cluster head and other nodes. This paper also includes the modification over Correlated LEACH named here MC-LEACH. It achieves longer lifetime by introducing a modification in cluster head selection criteria based on heterogeneity of nodes. Here, the preference to advanced nodes over normal nodes in cluster head selection process prolonging the lifetime of the network. The simulation model has been developed using Matlab software and first node die out metric has been used for lifetime calculations.

In this paper, nozzle and throttle plate was modeled and analyzed in order to have better understanding of the flow in complex venturi. The carburettor body has been remodeled with two throttle bodies replacing conventional throttle. Analysis have been performed to study flow field with modified design. Further a comprehensive comparative study was made with the existing and modified design. A commercial computational fluid dynamics package were used to develop a three dimensional, fully turbulent model of the compressible flow across a complex geometry venturi, suchas those found in low speed engine carburettors. The results of CFD simulation were utilized to understand the effect of different obstacles in flow on the mass flow rate and static pressure at the tip of fuel Jet. The results indicated that the efficiency of the engine has been increased by the modified carburettor.

In this study, survey the effect of excitation current on refractory period of action potential have been explored. The simulation has been performed by using matlab software. At first, by using Hodgkin Huxley equations, action potential waveform is obtained. Then by changing the amount of excitation current and simulation action potential waveform in new conditions, we see that the more excitation current increases, the refractory period of action potential decrease and vice versa when reduce the amount of excitation current, refractory period increase.

Traditional electronic home appliances are controlled using switches. Technological advancements have resulted in more simple and user-friendly developments. This resulted in massive growth in cellular mobile communication technology with mobile phones from a device used for wireless communications to a portable terminal used for networking. Such integrated mobiles introduce a wide variety of applications to explore. This paper introduces a method for using the DTMF tone which is generated by the mobile phone buttons to control the electronic appliances at home. It is possible to control a particular system and acquire information about it from anywhere.

A sign language (SL) is a visual language which uses manual communication and body language to convey meaning instead of acoustically conveyed sound patterns. SL is the communication mode among Deaf people. Different Sign languages according to different communities. One of the most widely used sign language is the American Sign Language (ASL). Translation between any pair of languages need many requirements, such as parallel dictionary, grammar rules, displaying tool. The proposed system takes input English text and produces ASL by passing into stages of processing. In order to build automatic translation system, a large dictionary has been built that contains ASL word with its corresponding movie. In order to evaluate the proposed grammar, English _ ASl corpus has been built.Good results have been obtained by evaluating the main stage of the system according to accuracy and time. Using Python programming language has the main contribution in producing good results. It provides the using of NLTK in addition to provide reducing time consuming.

The article shows the results of the earth structures bearing capacity evaluation objectification for airfields by means of CBR (California Bearing Ratio). This test is one of the most used laboratory tests of the quality of the earth structures. In labo CBR values were determined according to STN 72 1016 Laboratory determination of the California Bearing Ratio of soils. Within the frame of author´s research activities were made an objectification of the correlation between CBR values and moisture of the fill material in a cut of the earth structure of the RWY. The CBR tests were performed on the clay gravel specimens, which were prepared in the test cylinders used for a modified Proctor test. The found correlation allows to determine the moisture level to meet requirements of the RWY recommended by Aerodrome Design Manual.In the contribution, there are presented the newest results CBR in situ measurements on the objective aero-drome earth structures too. CBR in situ values were objectified by the device WS 32830 accordingto CLEGG. This device quantifies the value of rate of compaction on the basis in situ tests of CIV values (Clegg Impact Value).

The semi-automatic world is fading and more autonomous systems are being developed to increase the convenience of mankind. The concept of IOT (internet of things) has gained plenty of attention in the technical world. This project is one such application of IOT which we named the HIVE. It enables you to monitor a particular area and control the appliances within that area from anywhere in the world. A web based GUI (graphical user interface) is used to login and gain access to the control page that gives the user an exact virtual visualization of the area. Environmental conditions like temperature and humidity is be monitored using a network of smart sensors (slave) that send data to the master. The project offers ease of access, process optimization, optimized resource consumption, sensor driven decision analytics,instantaneous control and response in complex autonomous situations etc. adding convenience to the way of life.

In this study, survey the effect of excitation current on refractory period of action potential have been explored. The simulation has been performed by using matlab software. At first, by using Hodgkin Huxley equations, action potential waveform is obtained. Then by changing the amount of excitation current and simulation action potential waveform in new conditions, we see that the more excitation current increases, the refractory period of action potential decrease and vice versa when reduce the amount of excitation current, refractory period increase.

Over the past decades, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have been widely applied in many different fields in which routing protocol is one of the key technologies. Since a sensor node exploits a path depending only on the location information of neighbor nodes in geographic routing, routing protocol based on geographic information is more efficient. To solve the routing void problem in geographic routing, high control overhead and transmission delay are usually taken in wireless sensor networks.Inspired by the structure composed of edge nodes around which there is no routing void, this project proposed an efficient bypassing void routing protocol based on virtual coordinates. The basic idea of the protocol is to transform a random structure composed of void edges into a regular one by mapping edge nodes coordinates to a virtual circle. By utilizing the virtual circle, the greedy forwarding can be prevented from failing, so that there is no routing void in forwarding process from source to destination and control overhead can be reduced. Furthermore, the virtual circle is beneficial to reduce average length of routing paths and decrease transmission delay. The proposed protocol has higher delivery ratio, shorter path length, less control packet overhead, and energy consumption.

A wireless sensor network (WSN) (sometimes called a wireless sensor and actor network [1] (WSAN)[1]) are spatially distributed autonomous sensors to monitor physical or environmental conditions,[2] such as temperature, sound, pressure, etc. and to cooperatively pass their data through the network to a main location. The more modern networks are bi-directional, also enabling controlof sensor activity. The development of wireless sensor networks was motivated by militaryapplications such as battlefield surveillance; today such networks are used in many industrial and consumer applications, such as industrial process monitoring and control, machine health monitoring,and so on. A large amount of different key distribution schemes were implemented, targeting different types of WSNs. These schemes face issues with respect to their requirements, implementations, and theoretic foundations [3]. Though security is regarded as a standalone component of the architectures of many systems, in case of wireless sensor networks, it must get adequate attention. In most application domains, the sensors are used to collect a specific type of data from particular target areas, and the collected data are often considered secret and are not intended for public disclosure. Hence, efficient and secure mechanisms are needed to transmit acquired datasecurely to the appropriate recipients.

The continuous scaling of VLSI technology and the possibility to run circuits in sub-threshold voltage range make it possible to implement standard cryptographic primitives within the very limited circuit and power budget of radio frequency identification (RFID) devices.However, such cryptographic implementations raise concerns regarding their vulnerability to both active and passive side-channel attacks. In particular, when focusing on RFID targeted designs, it is important to evaluate their resistance against low-cost physical attacks. A lowcost fault injection attack can be mounted, for example, by lowering the supply voltage of the chip with the goal of causing setup time violations. In this paper, we provide an in-depth characterization of a chip implementation of the AES cipher. Identifying sensitive logic signals allows us to suggest to the designer a tailored countermeasure strategy for thwarting these attacks, with a minimal impact on the circuit’s performance.

The power generated using fossil fuels, emits carbon dioxide and other pollution every second. More importantly, fossil fuel will eventually run out. In order to make the development of our civilization sustainable and cause less harm to our environment, people are looking for new source of substitute clean energy. Because of the increasing demands in clean energy, the solar energy industry is one of the fastest growing forces in the market and there are several major directions for solar technology development. Solar Parabolic Dish is currently used for the Water heating and cooking applications. Generally Solar Parabolic Dishes are fixed focus point concentrators.This report presents experimental platform based on the development and performance characteristics by non-tracking solar paraboloidal dish concentrating system. The system is fabricated with highly reflective materials (0.8 reflectance factor). The experimental setup is placed in open, and the testswere carried out. The experimental results are taken on summer and cloud free days. The results are encouraging to provide the data for rural application.This paper not only gives a brief introduction about the fast developing solar technologies industry, but also may help us avoid long term switching cost in the future and make the solar systems performance more efficient, economical and stable.

Advances in sensors, wireless networks, and portable devices offer unique chances to deliver medical services and information at anytime anywhere. The concept of Wireless Body Sensor Network (WBSN)has been proposed to improve chronic disease management, patient care and support lifelong health and wellbeing for the ageing population. The increasing feasibility and facility of mobile healthcare has already introduced several significant challenges for patients, policy makers, hospitals, and healthcare providers. A major challenge is to provide continuous healthcare services to those patients who require it via wearable wireless medical devices. Also, many patients have privacy concerns when it comes to releasing their personal information over open wireless channels. As a result, the most important and challenging issues are how to secure thepersonal information of patients and how to eliminate their privacy concerns. In this paper, we present secure m Healthcare system to impede the attacks faced bywireless communications in healthcare systems and improve the security of mobile healthcare.

Image fusion is important technique used in Remote Sensing application. It plays a very important role in Satellite based communication. Here, introduces a new technique fusion followed by filtering for remove impulse noise in remote sensing images. The Non-Linear filtering algorithms, Vector Median Filter(VMF),Rank Conditioned VMF, Rank Conditioned and Threshold VMF, Center Weighted VMF and Absolute Deviation VMF are introduced. These filtered images are combined to single image called image fusion. The performance evaluation for filtered and fused image with respect to original image by calculating the Mean Square Error(MSE), Peak Signal To Noise Ratio (PSNR) and Structural Similarity Index (SSIM)

Impinging jets have received considerable attention during the last decade. The reason is mainly due to their inherent characteristics of high rates of heat transfer besides having simple geometry. Thus most practical applications of jet impingement occur in industries where the heat transfer requirements have exceeded capacity of ordinary heating and cooling techniques. In this paper heat transfer and fluid flow due to the impingement of vertical circular single jet on a horizontal heated surface is investigated experimentally. The flow is turbulent and a uniform temperature is applied on the target surface. Different particle volume fractions, jet flow rates, jet nozzle diameters, Reynolds number and various geometric ratios have been considered in order to study the behavior of the system in terms of local Nusselt number and convective heat transfer coefficient. The experimental results indicate that using nanofluid as a heat transfer carrier can enhance the heat transfer process. It is found that the local heat transfer coefficient express Nusselt number as a function of nozzle exit Reynolds number and also nozzle to plate spacing and of the radial displacement from the stagnation point.

The objective of this work is to study the performance of an air conditioning system with and without a nanorefrigerant. R134a is most widely adopted alternate refrigerant in refrigeration equipment,such as domestic refrigerators and air conditioners. This refrigerant heat transfer capacity is not so good and increase power consumption. Due to these limitation nanofluids are enhanced with the normal lubricant and increases the heat transfer capacity and reduces the power consumption. The experimental studies indicate that the air conditioning system with nanorefrigerant works normally. It is found that the coefficient of performance is increased by 14% and the power consumption reduces nearly by 20% when POE oil is replaced by a mixture of POE oil and Al2O3 nanoparticles.

The main objective of this paper is to introduce a new approach to stabilize image sequence. A logical and computationally efficient technique for video stabilization and enhancement has been presented. The recent significant advance in video stabilization is to create a new video sequence where the motion between frames has effectively been removed. Motion in video images is caused either by the object motion or by the camera movement. The newly developed algorithm presented in this work provides a fast and robust stabilization system, and improves real-time performance.

Inexact (Approximate) computing is an attractive paradigm for digital processing. Inexact computing is particularly interesting for computer arithmetic designs. This project deals with the analysis and design of two new approximate 4-2 compressors for utilization in a multiplier. These designs rely on different features of compression, such that imprecision in computation can make up for circuit-based figures of merit of a design.Two different schemes for utilizing the proposed approximate compressors are proposed and analysed for a Dadda multiplier. Extensive simulation results are provided and hardware implementation of the Dadda multiplier using approximate compression is carried out with the help of a Field Programmable Gate Array(FPGA).

When we take an image from satellite of different areas present on earth, Cloud covers which are generally present in optical remote sensing images, limit the usage of acquired images and increase the difficulty in data analysis. Thus, information reconstruction of cloud-contaminated images generally plays an important role in image analysis. This paper proposes a novel method to reconstruct cloud-contaminated information in multitemporal remote sensing images. Based on the concept of utilizing temporal correlation of multitemporal images, we propose a patch-based information reconstruction algorithm that spatiotemporally segments a sequence of images into clusters containing several spatially connected components called patches and then clones information from cloud-free and high-similarity patches to their corresponding cloud-contaminated patches. At last we used fuzzy logic method to remove clouds from satellite image.

Antenna is an electronic device which is the source of electromagnetic (energy) wave[1]. Antenna is a radiantly element which radiates electromagnetic energy in free space in all directions. Dipole is radiantly element which radiates directionally. The dipole is characterized by its length[11]. When the length of the dipole antenna is increased the radiation pattern becomes change and introduced side lobes. In the pattern work Design of dipole and its array antenna systems are presented. In modern communication systems such as Satellite links, GPS, wireless local networks often require antennas with low cost high gain with narrow beams. The dipole array antennas are an useful in such cases. In this work design of dipole arrays are presented and compare with ideal array system slots are obtained with good agreement.

In this study, a gear shifting mechanism was designed and applied to make the shifting process faster and less destructible for the driver. The main objective of this concept is used to apply the gear by using automation system in automobile vehicles. This is the new innovative model mainly used to control the vehicle. Here, we are concentrating to design the automatic gear changing mechanism in two wheeler vehicles by using the electronic devices. This is very useful for the gear changing mechanism in automobile vehicles. By using this we can easily control the vehicle and improve the performance of the vehicle also we can avoid the wear and tear of the gear. Here, we are using eccentric cam to change the gears for two wheelers. By using this eccentric cam operation, we can eliminate the more disadvantages in gear changing system. By using this system, we can reduce space of locating gear box, gear damage, bleeding of pneumatic and hydraulic energy flow tubes, less noisy operation, less cost and doesn’t require frequent maintenance

Algorithms for calculating the maximum or minimum of mathematical functions are known as optimization algorithms. When optimising a systems architecture, different priorities may be considered. Greater operational productivity and decreasing manufacturing costs are two examples of such objectives. Approaches and processes for optimization can assist in the solving of challenging situations. When constructing an HRES, we must remember the efficiency of its elements. The main goal is to improve performance while lowering costs. These objectives can be met by optimising the systems modelling. The main objective of this dissertation is reviewing recent research activities conducted on modern META-HEURISTIC optimization techniques used in engineering design and products for the purpose of technical efficiency enhancement. Based on the advantages and disadvantages of existing techniques, a productive analysis to find the best among the existing techniques for energy production enhancement of a hybrid renewable energy system, Simulation and MATLAB coding of various meta-heuristic techniques for energy optimization and then based on research work, report writing and paper publication in a journal.